自2021年5月中Covid-19在台灣爆發疫情,病毒感染對生命造成的威脅,三級警戒對生活帶來的不便,恐慌、焦慮等不安感受慢慢浮現,從成人到兒童,幾乎無一倖免地受到疫情所帶來的衝擊。而疫情對心理健康造成的影響,尤其是在兒童青少年這些未成年族群,或許可由今年JAMA Health Forum的一篇文章提供給我們作為借鏡。
根據美國的Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) 調查指出,青少年、幼童、LGBTQ的青年人與有色人種的孩童,是這波全球疫情下衍生心理健康問題的易感族群。可能的影響因素包括:學校關閉、社交距離、被迫關在家裡等政令,都可能令他們感覺到孤獨和被隔離。此外,疫情對父母造成的壓力,例如失去工作、經濟壓力、或是沒有時間照顧家中的子女等,這些壓力也有可能影響父母的心理健康,甚至將壓力轉嫁到孩子身上,進而影響整體家庭的互動和支持功能。
更雪上加霜的是,除了家庭內部的功能失調,外部支持系統也因為疫情關係而無法提供後援,以美國為例,2020年2月到10月間,接受兒童健康保險計劃(Children’s Health Insurance Program)服務的社福機構就減少了一半,能夠提供給弱勢家庭的資源支持也因此大幅減少。然而,其實從Covid-19疫情開始前,青少年的身心健康問題——例如感覺悲傷、無望、自殺想法,在近年來有逐步惡化的趨勢。
Stephenson J. Children and Teens Struggling with Mental Health During COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Health Forum. 2021;2(6):e211701. doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.1701
Ma L, Mazidi M, Li K, Li Y, Chen S, Kirwan R, Zhou H, Yan N, Rahman A, Wang W, Wang Y. Prevalence of mental health problems among children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2021 Jun 18;293:78-89. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.021.
Moreno C, Wykes T, Galderisi S, Nordentoft M, Crossley N, Jones N, Cannon M, Correll CU, Byrne L, Carr S, Chen EYH, Gorwood P, Johnson S, Kärkkäinen H, Krystal JH, Lee J, Lieberman J, López-Jaramillo C, Männikkö M, Phillips MR, Uchida H, Vieta E, Vita A, Arango C. How mental health care should change as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 Sep;7(9):813-824. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30307-2. Epub 2020 Jul 16. Erratum in: Lancet Psychiatry. 2021 Jul;8(7):e16.
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